مجله پژوهش های تاریخی ایران و اسلام
پیاپی 7 (پاییز و زمستان 1389)

From ancient times several reasons have caused to format a city. The reasons such as climate geographical location and fertility of region، are perhaps of the main reasons for gathering of people in a region and the formation of a city. Accordingly، theurbanisation and it''s formatin in Iran''s history can be contemplate. Hence، the authors، based on the historical methods and relying on the sources، have tried to review creation of the city and formation of it the anciet times، accordingly، findings of the city، components of it and it''s effects on various factors، such as geographical conditions، religions، beliefs، military، commerce، political and governmental factors can be show، however، various reasons are important in the urbanisation.

The Britains in the early 9th century, in order to maintaining their valuable colony namely India from the treats of rivals, focused on Iran. The north western borders of India with Iran- in Sistan and Baluchestan- were important to the British on the time. One of the policies to secure their colonies, especially in India used by the Britain was to format the small and staunch local governments around the boundaries of colonies. These states were played an important role such as separation wall between empirial's borders with other countries. According to the policy, the Britain in the Qajar era for protection of northwest boundaries on India.Thay also tried to create division among the Amir of Baluchestan, and constructed telegraph wires, etc. and thay divided a part of Baluchestan, mainly the regions of Kalat and Khuhak from Iran, and also established autonomous affiliated Emirates. Then to ccomplete the project, they create a buffer zone in South Western borders of India, the Sistan divided into two parts, main Sistan including Hirmand and Hamun and secendary Sistan including Chakhansur and so on. The main Sistan was affiliated with Iran, and secondary one was governed by Afghanistan.

The Jews in the mid first century HG have done a variety of cultural activities and influence dont all Islamic society. Social and political relations between Jews and Muslims and their relationships with the Arabs in the Arabian peninsula, on the one had naïve thinking and inability of Muslims for creation of a model in another hand challenged seriously Muslims religious foundations and attract public confidence on the leaders of this ethnic. Jews exploit this situation and changed common identity and led the society to conventional way. They tried to propagate superstitious believes and destroying the facts and changing the situation of culture and society. The positions of this nation for their own interests gradually changed their attitudes while they were remained out of authority, so they to take a power as a advisors of political rulers and influence on public opinion and Islamic goernment. The autopsy of events shows that in early Islamic society the new converted Jews to Islam planed culturally and promote mechanisms practically and guided common culture, they participated in different aspects of society and also in cultural management. They organised and governed the affairs, made policies and cultural goals according to the plan. They recognised cultural problems and needs, they used all this planing for their own interests. This survey with bibliographical method trying to show the rule of new converted Jews to Islam in scurry society in early Islam history.

The Nazarid Esmailis After the consolidation of their rule in the northern strongholds of Iran tried to develop and extend their powers and geographical territory in different areas, including East and south east of Iran. They expanded their influence and created the appropriate basis for political and religious developments. One of the local governments in this region was Quriyan, since they claimed and considered themselves as a expansions of Islam in eastern regions or in blasphemy cities, inevitably they were against the Nazarid Esmailis, in this regards had encounters with them. But Quriyan understand the political situations, particularly, after the Mongol invasion of Iran, which had suffered numerous damages in Eastern region. They established cordial relations with Nazarid. They could made rapprochement, especially according to religious tolerance. They made appropriate relations in trade. Whereas the report of Jozjani is the most reliable source about Quriyan's government, also in this article tried to focus on citations which have made on the reports of Tabaghat e Naseri.

According to the military and conqueror features of Timor, which is reflected in the multiple text, cultural and scientific activities from such a personality seem impossible. But unlike to current version for his immense gols advancement, he was focused on the cultural activities. He was always treated with kindness to Ullman, literaties and highness, and after the conquest of every region, he gathered the Ulama and scholars. This policy in the his court especially in the Samarkand to a cultural promotion. The Ulama and scholars were in company of him, and he asked them to express all the major problems, they were immune about their experiences opinions and supervisions. This paper trying to analysis such a behaviour and provide a correct and clear image of one of the history conquerors, and provide evidence to show the progress of his activities, and in addition to his military power and genius of war, and also trying to shed light on his company with experts.

The eight HG century considered as on of the most turbulent periods of Iranian history. After the death of Abu Saeed Behador Kahan the last Mongol Elkhan and collapse of elikhans government in 736 HG in every corner of Iranian soil, there was an independent government established. Hence recognition of this pity local dynasties and relations between them could help to understand this chaos and eventful period. This article argue relations of Al Mozaffar dynasty, as one of the most important local government, who was well known in 8th century with the government of Atabakan of Lor Bozorg one of the neighboring Moluks. The Al Mozaffar dynasty more than half a century had a wide territory including Yazd, Kerman, Fars,Isfehan and for a while also Azerbaijan. Since each of the local governments ha planned to expand their own territory. Therefore they consider each other as a rivals, they had take steps foreach other weakening and didnt hesitate to invade each other territory. About aforementioned governments can be said that internal problems and due to short time rule of them, they have been deprived from opportunity to promote cordial relations and coexistence.

The city of Darab was known in the past as Darabgerd or Darabjerd, it was founded by Achaemenian and then became one of the most important cities of Parthian. This area is located inthe south east of Fars province, inSasanian era it was one of five major polotical region of Persia, and located near the borders of Kerman. In the Islamic period based on previous division called Darabjerd, several cities such as Fasa, Jahrom, Neyriz, Esthban, Ij and Tarom were including. From the late Sasanian era, the maritime trade have been importan in Persian gulf, and it's ports. Therefore Darabgerd which was located in the trade route of Siraf to Shiraz was affected and it's carpets was exported to China. The coins were minted at Darabgerd used in trade to Suikai port in southern China and India. In Islamic era one of the five major commercial route of Persia was crossing from this province. It was gathering place for merchants and money changers in Persia, and it's products sent to all around the world.

The governments that came in power through out the history of Iranafter Islam, correctly or falsely tried to relate their own background in any kind to the ruler families in ancient Iran. Taherid reffered themselves to Rostam the legendary hero of Iran. Samnids cited their ancestor Bahram the Gur the great Sasanian king. Among these, Ghaznavids who was Turk race also from slavery reached to command of military and regin, they did not back down from this racial competition. They claimed that, Yazdgerd III, the last Sasanian king during his escape in Transoxina, sought refuge to Turks Khan and got married with Khan's daughter. Thus Mahmood isfrom the generation of the child who was conceived from that relationship. In such a time the new authorities will be legal when they in somehow bounded with the a race and blood of royal family. Some tribs marched towards the central Iran from Transoxina, they could not claim to such a relationship. In top of these tribs was the clan of Seljuks, which was led by Tugrul. those came forth and washed away all pity and great Iranian rulers. Ghaznawids, Ziyarid dynasty, Mosaferiyan, Jastaniyan, Shaddaiyan, Ravadyan, Hasanuyeh Kord, and even Qaramatiyan of Bahrain beyond the Persian gulf, as for as the conquest was completed, each conqueror could do it. But Tugrul, such as Gangiz did not come to return, he came to stay. He, his clan and his tribe came to Iran. Which trick he applied for his continues domination on Iran, and it's justification and legitimacy is the purpose of this article. This study trying to gather informations, categories, anylsis and interpret the informations to determine the principles of Tugrul government legality.

Unknown method to organize Sassanid Imperial Court, real nature and function of some position, titles, cognomens and hierarchy order of imperial authorities are caused by many reasons. The changes made on complementary route of governing derived by some specific policies of each one of kings and exercise influence of other fundamental structures of society especially the clergy in some specific periods of time, have intermingled organization of courts with ambiguities that is the reason of differences among various historical resources. As the extensive formalities were responsible to govern Sassanid imperial court, too many titles and positions with specific function and hierarchy order were in the body of these structures which there is no accurate knowledge about origin and nature of them. The root of such these differences may be investigated among interval period between existence of those titles and the time of their registration, the words to introduce each title, lack of enough information of most of the researchers from historical and archeological contemporary events and lack of consensus among linguists to interpret Pahlavi words beside all above mentioned changes. Epigraphic documents reveal a recognition consistent with the fact of imperial hierarchy order and also a more logical function of them according to transposition of those titles and cognomens. To interpret some titles such as “Darigan Sardar”, “Darbad”, and “Chief of Formalities” above rule can be referred. “Shabestan” is one of the words which has two interpretation. Against most of the historical traditions to relate Shabestan to the eunuch of the court, it is preferred to interpret it as an honorary title for the nobles. This research tries to invoke historical resources and epigraphic documents to argue about existential nature and origin of Sassanid titles and cognomens to introduce special formalities to organize imperial court and also hierarchy order of authorities and to define the reason of multiple titles which refer to a single function.